What did I do to the audio cable?

It looks like you pulled the pins out of the connector. In your picture the connector housing is still seated in its socket on the logic board, but the wires and electrical contacts have been pulled out.

I would try to remove the empty connector housing from its socket, then see if you can properly install the two pins before re-seating the connector. It's possible the housing is broken, but I can't tell from the photos. If so, you can probably source a replacement from Digikey or Mouser if you or somebody else can identify the part number. It also may still together well enough that it will work without replacement. Regardless, make sure you get the order of the two pins correct.

I suspect this happened because you tried to pull the cable to the side instead of pushing it up and away from the logic board. It doesn't look great but is fixable.